October 24, 2006
BLOCKADE OF SENSORY NEURON ACTION POTENTIALS BY A STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD in the 10 mT RANGE
M.J. McLean, R.R. Holcomb, A.W. Wamil, Joel D. Pickett and A.V. Cavopol
Bioelectromagnetics 16:20-32, 1995
INTRODUCTION
Variable effects of static magnetic fields on electrophysiological properties of neural tissue have been reported. A 660 mT field reduced spontaneous firing of action potentials of cockroach subesophageal ganglion neurons (Sittler, 1966). The amplitude of the compound action potential of frog sciatic nerve increased in a perpendicular, but not a parallel, field of 100-712 mT (Edelman et al., 1979).
Also, amplitude of the compound action potential of rat tail nerve increased in a field >0.5 T for longer than 30 s (Hong et al., 1986). In a study employing intracellular microelectrode recording techniques, input resistance of inactive identified snail neurons was reduced significantly by static fields of 23-200 mT field; input resistance increased in spontaneously firing neurons exposed to similar fields (Balaban et al., 1990).
On the other hand, action potentials and voltage-clamped transmembrane currents of lobster nerve were unaffected by a perpendicular or parallel 1.2 T field (Schwartz, 1979). Technical aspects, such as warming of preparations by heat radiating from electromagnets, could have resulted in falsely positive results, as pointed out by Gaffey and Tenforde (1983). Calcium flux has been altered at the neuromuscular junction of the mouse by a 120 mT field (Rosen, 1992). In addition, the decrease in amplitude and variability of cat visual evoked responses in a 120 mT field began after a latency of about a minute and persisted for several minutes after the electromagnet was turned off (Rosen and Lubowsky, 1987).
Consistent with these results showing an inhibitory effect of static fields on excitable tissues, we have shown reduction of action potential firing by cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons positioned near the center of 10-30 mT static fields produced by arrays of four permanent center-charged magnets of alternating polarity (abbreviated here MAG-4A; McLean et al., 1991). This array had previously been shown to have analgesic effects in patients (Holcomb et al., 1991a). Using cultured sensory neurons, we have determined several features of the biological effect of the magnetic field (McLean et al., 1991).
Maximal reduction of firing in the MAG-4A field required several minutes to evolve and recovery of action potentials also occurred over minutes after removal of the array. Although significant, the effect was variable and depended on cell position, reflecting the geometry of the field. No effect was seen on some neurons. Also, the effect was temperature-dependent (McLean et al., 19 9 1; Holcomb et al., 1991 b). Other arrays had different or no effects. Action potentials failed to the same extent in the fields produced by arrays of four magnets of like polarity, but reappeared in seconds after removal of the magnets.
A single magnet or two magnets of alternating polarity had no significant effect. We found no prior reports of effects of fields produced by arrays of permanent magnets on mammalian neurons in vitro with which to compare our findings. The present work was undertaken to increase understanding of biologically active magnetic field characteristics and optimize the inhibitory effect seen clinically. We set out to determine (a.) ways to maximize and destroy the effect on action potential firing, (b.) the effect of varying the field around the neuron under study; and, (c.) characteristics of the field responsible for the cellular effect.
METHODS
A. Cell culture methods. The culture and recording methods were published previously (McLean et al., 1988). Briefly, dorsal root ganglia were removed under sterile conditions from adult mice, boarded and sacrificed by methods approved by the Vanderbilt University Animal Care Committee in accordance with provisions of the DHEW Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
The ganglia were minced finely and incubated in Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) containing 0.1 mg of crude collagenase and 1 mg trypsin per ml for 45-60 minutes at 37oC. After centrifugation, the pellet was resuspended in culture medium (consisting of 50% (v/v) Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium + 5O% Hank's balanced salt solution, supplemented with 1.5 g of dextrose and 0.75 g of NaHC03 per 500 ml, 5 ml% heat-inactivated horse serum, 5 ml% fetal calf serum, 1 ml% Nu-Serum and 10 ng/ml of nerve growth factor) and triturated to single cells and small clumps. Aliquots of cell suspension were placed in collagen-coated dishes and maintained in an incubator gassed with 90% room air and 10% C02 at 35oC for up to 6 months prior to experimentation.
After 1 week, fluorodeoxyuridine (0.5 mg/ml) was added to the medium for 1-2 days to suppress growth of rapidly-dividing, non-neuronal cells. Thereafter, culture medium was changed twice weekly. B. Intracellular recording. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained from neurons in a static culture bath or during superfusion (1 ml/min) with modified Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (composition in millimolar: NaCl 143.4; KCI 4.2; CaCl2 0.8; MgCl 2 3.0; and glucose 11 in 9.5 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.40; p02 190 Tor) or Tyrode's bicarbonate buffered salt solution (composition in mM: 137.0 NaCl; 0.5-2.7 KCI; 0.8 CaCl2; 3.0 MgCl 2; 0.03 NaHP04; 26.0 NaHC03; 5.6 glucose; pH maintained by bubbling with 5% C02 plus 95% oxygen; p02 340 Tor) at 37oC.
The temperature-controlled bath was mounted on the stage of an inverted phase-contrast microscope. The microscope and manipulators were fixed to a stainless steel top of a Micro-g vibration-isolation table (Technical Manufacturing Corporation, Peabody, MA). The table top was isolated from room vibration by air pistons. No vibration of a microelectrode tip was seen at 400x magnification. Use of a bridge amplifier allowed simultaneous measurement of transmembrane voltage and passage of polarizing current through the microelectrodes (>45 MW , filled with 3 M potassium acetate). Data was stored on video tape after digitization by a modified audio processor for later analysis and photography.
The rise time of action potentials of the different subtypes of dorsal root ganglion neurons studied here depended on external sodium concentration (see McLean et al., 1988). Membrane potential was differentiated electronically with respect to time (-dV/dt displayed in figures).
The maximal rate of rise (Vmax) of action potentials was proportional to the peak of the differentiated trace and was used as a qualitative assay of sodium currents generating the upstroke of the action potentials.